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# This Python 3 environment comes with many helpful analytics libraries installed
# It is defined by the kaggle/python Docker image: https://github.com/kaggle/docker-python
# For example, here's several helpful packages to load

import numpy as np # linear algebra
import pandas as pd # data processing, CSV file I/O (e.g. pd.read_csv)

# Input data files are available in the read-only "../input/" directory
# For example, running this (by clicking run or pressing Shift+Enter) will list all files under the input directory

import os
for dirname, _, filenames in os.walk('/kaggle/input'):
    for filename in filenames:
        print(os.path.join(dirname, filename))

# You can write up to 20GB to the current directory (/kaggle/working/) that gets preserved as output when you create a version using "Save & Run All" 
# You can also write temporary files to /kaggle/temp/, but they won't be saved outside of the current session
/kaggle/input/mobile-price-classification/train.csv /kaggle/input/mobile-price-classification/test.csv
pip install lightgbm==3.*
Requirement already satisfied: lightgbm==3.* in /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages (3.0.0) Requirement already satisfied: scikit-learn!=0.22.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from lightgbm==3.*) (0.23.2) Requirement already satisfied: scipy in /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from lightgbm==3.*) (1.4.1) Requirement already satisfied: numpy in /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from lightgbm==3.*) (1.18.5) Requirement already satisfied: threadpoolctl>=2.0.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from scikit-learn!=0.22.0->lightgbm==3.*) (2.1.0) Requirement already satisfied: joblib>=0.11 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from scikit-learn!=0.22.0->lightgbm==3.*) (0.14.1) Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
pip list
Package Version Location ---------------------------------- ------------------- -------------- absl-py 0.11.0 adal 1.2.2 affine 2.3.0 aiobotocore 1.1.2 aiohttp 3.7.2 aiohttp-cors 0.7.0 aioitertools 0.7.0 aioredis 1.3.1 alabaster 0.7.12 albumentations 0.5.0 alembic 1.4.3 allennlp 1.2.0 altair 4.1.0 anaconda-client 1.7.2 anaconda-project 0.8.3 annoy 1.17.0 ansiwrap 0.8.4 appdirs 1.4.3 argh 0.26.2 arrow 0.15.5 arviz 0.10.0 asn1crypto 1.3.0 astroid 2.3.3 astropy 4.0.1.post1 astunparse 1.6.3 async-generator 1.10 async-timeout 3.0.1 atomicwrites 1.3.0 attrs 19.3.0 audioread 2.1.9 autopep8 1.5.1 Babel 2.8.0 backcall 0.1.0 backports.shutil-get-terminal-size 1.0.0 Baker 1.3 basemap 1.2.1 bayesian-optimization 1.2.0 bayespy 0.5.20 bcolz 1.2.1 beautifulsoup4 4.9.0 binaryornot 0.4.4 biopython 1.78 bitarray 1.2.1 bkcharts 0.2 black 19.10b0 bleach 3.1.4 blessings 1.7 blinker 1.4 blis 0.4.1 bokeh 2.2.3 Boruta 0.3 boto 2.49.0 boto3 1.16.8 botocore 1.19.8 Bottleneck 1.3.2 bq-helper 0.4.1 /src/bq-helper bqplot 0.12.18 branca 0.4.1 brewer2mpl 1.4.1 brotlipy 0.7.0 cachetools 3.1.1 cairocffi 1.2.0 CairoSVG 2.5.0 Cartopy 0.18.0 catalogue 1.0.0 catalyst 20.10.1 catboost 0.24.2 category-encoders 2.2.2 certifi 2020.6.20 cesium 0.9.12 cffi 1.14.0 cftime 1.2.1 chainer 7.7.0 chainer-chemistry 0.7.1 chainercv 0.13.1 chardet 3.0.4 cleverhans 3.0.1 click 7.1.1 click-plugins 1.1.1 cliff 3.4.0 cligj 0.7.0 cloud-tpu-client 0.10 cloudpickle 1.3.0 clyent 1.2.2 cmaes 0.7.0 cmd2 1.3.11 cmdstanpy 0.9.5 cmudict 0.4.5 colorama 0.4.3 colorcet 2.0.2 colorful 0.5.4 colorlog 4.4.0 colorlover 0.3.0 conda 4.9.0 conda-package-handling 1.6.0 ConfigArgParse 1.2.3 configparser 5.0.1 confuse 1.1.0 contextily 1.0.1 contextlib2 0.6.0.post1 convertdate 2.2.2 conx 3.7.10 cookiecutter 1.7.0 coverage 5.3 cryptography 2.8 cssselect2 0.4.1 cufflinks 0.17.3 CVXcanon 0.1.2 cvxpy 1.1.7 cycler 0.10.0 cymem 2.0.3 cysignals 1.10.2 Cython 0.29.21 cytoolz 0.10.1 dask 2.30.0 dask-glm 0.2.0 dask-ml 1.7.0 dask-xgboost 0.1.11 datashader 0.11.1 datashape 0.5.2 deap 1.3.1 decorator 4.4.2 deepdish 0.3.6 defusedxml 0.6.0 Delorean 1.0.0 Deprecated 1.2.10 deprecation 2.1.0 descartes 1.1.0 diff-match-patch 20181111 dill 0.3.2 dipy 1.2.0 distributed 2.14.0 dlib 19.21.0 dm-tree 0.1.5 docker 4.2.0 docker-pycreds 0.4.0 docopt 0.6.2 docutils 0.15.2 earthengine-api 0.1.240 easydev 0.10.1 ecos 2.0.7.post1 eli5 0.10.1 emoji 0.6.0 en-core-web-lg 2.3.1 en-core-web-sm 2.3.1 entrypoints 0.3 ephem 3.7.7.1 essentia 2.1b6.dev234 et-xmlfile 1.0.1 fancyimpute 0.5.5 fastai 2.0.18 fastcache 1.1.0 fastcore 1.2.5 fastprogress 1.0.0 fasttext 0.9.2 fbpca 1.0 fbprophet 0.7.1 feather-format 0.4.1 featuretools 0.20.0 filelock 3.0.10 Fiona 1.8.17 fitter 1.3.0 flake8 3.7.9 flashtext 2.7 Flask 1.1.2 folium 0.11.0 fsspec 0.8.4 funcy 1.15 fury 0.6.1 future 0.18.2 fuzzywuzzy 0.18.0 gast 0.3.3 gatspy 0.3 gcsfs 0.6.1 GDAL 3.1.2 gensim 3.8.3 geographiclib 1.50 Geohash 1.0 geojson 2.5.0 geopandas 0.8.1 geoplot 0.4.1 geopy 2.0.0 geoviews 1.8.1 gevent 1.5.0 ggplot 0.11.5 gitdb 4.0.4 GitPython 3.1.1 glob2 0.7 gluoncv 0.8.0 gluonnlp 0.10.0 gmpy2 2.1.0b1 google 3.0.0 google-api-core 1.23.0 google-api-python-client 1.8.0 google-auth 1.14.0 google-auth-httplib2 0.0.3 google-auth-oauthlib 0.4.1 google-cloud-automl 1.0.1 google-cloud-bigquery 1.12.1 google-cloud-bigtable 1.2.1 google-cloud-core 1.3.0 google-cloud-dataproc 0.7.0 google-cloud-datastore 1.12.0 google-cloud-firestore 1.6.2 google-cloud-kms 1.4.0 google-cloud-language 1.3.0 google-cloud-logging 1.15.0 google-cloud-pubsub 1.4.3 google-cloud-scheduler 1.2.1 google-cloud-spanner 1.15.1 google-cloud-speech 1.3.2 google-cloud-storage 1.27.0 google-cloud-tasks 1.5.0 google-cloud-translate 2.0.1 google-cloud-videointelligence 1.14.0 google-cloud-vision 1.0.0 google-pasta 0.2.0 google-resumable-media 0.5.0 googleapis-common-protos 1.52.0 gplearn 0.4.1 gpustat 0.6.0 gpxpy 1.4.2 graphviz 0.8.4 greenlet 0.4.15 grpc-google-iam-v1 0.12.3 grpcio 1.33.2 grpcio-gcp 0.2.2 gym 0.17.3 h2o 3.30.1.3 h5py 2.10.0 haversine 2.3.0 heamy 0.0.7 HeapDict 1.0.1 hep-ml 0.6.1 hiredis 1.1.0 hmmlearn 0.2.4 holidays 0.10.3 holoviews 1.13.5 hpsklearn 0.1.0 html5lib 1.0.1 htmlmin 0.1.12 httplib2 0.17.2 httplib2shim 0.0.3 humanize 3.1.0 hunspell 0.5.5 husl 4.0.3 hyperopt 0.2.5 hypertools 0.6.3 hypothesis 5.10.0 ibis-framework 1.3.0 idna 2.9 imagecodecs 2020.5.30 ImageHash 4.1.0 imageio 2.8.0 imagesize 1.2.0 imbalanced-learn 0.7.0 imgaug 0.4.0 implicit 0.4.4 importlib-metadata 2.0.0 importlib-resources 3.3.0 intervaltree 3.0.2 ipykernel 5.1.1 ipython 7.13.0 ipython-genutils 0.2.0 ipython-sql 0.3.9 ipywidgets 7.5.1 iso3166 1.0.1 isort 4.3.21 isoweek 1.3.3 itsdangerous 1.1.0 Janome 0.4.1 jdcal 1.4.1 jedi 0.15.2 jeepney 0.4.3 jieba 0.42.1 Jinja2 2.11.2 jinja2-time 0.2.0 jmespath 0.10.0 joblib 0.14.1 jovian 0.2.26 json5 0.9.0 jsonnet 0.16.0 jsonpickle 1.4.1 jsonschema 3.2.0 jupyter 1.0.0 jupyter-aihub-deploy-extension 0.1 jupyter-client 6.1.3 jupyter-console 6.1.0 jupyter-core 4.6.3 jupyter-http-over-ws 0.0.8 jupyterlab 1.2.10 jupyterlab-git 0.10.0 jupyterlab-server 1.1.1 kaggle 1.5.9 kaggle-environments 1.3.14 Keras 2.4.3 Keras-Preprocessing 1.1.2 keras-tuner 1.0.1 keyring 21.1.1 kiwisolver 1.2.0 kmapper 1.4.1 kmeans-smote 0.1.2 kmodes 0.10.2 knnimpute 0.1.0 korean-lunar-calendar 0.2.1 kornia 0.4.1 kubernetes 10.1.0 langid 1.1.6 Lasagne 0.2.dev1 lazy-object-proxy 1.4.3 learntools 0.3.4 leven 1.0.4 libarchive-c 2.9 librosa 0.8.0 lief 0.9.0 lightfm 1.15 lightgbm 3.0.0 lime 0.2.0.1 line-profiler 3.0.2 llvmlite 0.31.0 lml 0.1.0 locket 0.2.0 LunarCalendar 0.0.9 lxml 4.5.0 Mako 1.1.3 mapclassify 2.3.0 marisa-trie 0.7.5 Markdown 3.2.1 markovify 0.8.3 MarkupSafe 1.1.1 matplotlib 3.2.1 matplotlib-venn 0.11.6 mccabe 0.6.1 memory-profiler 0.58.0 mercantile 1.1.6 missingno 0.4.2 mistune 0.8.4 mizani 0.7.2 mkl-fft 1.1.0 mkl-random 1.1.0 mkl-service 2.3.0 ml-metrics 0.1.4 mlcrate 0.2.0 mlens 0.2.3 mlxtend 0.17.3 mmh3 2.5.1 mne 0.21.0 mnist 0.2.2 mock 3.0.5 more-itertools 8.2.0 mpld3 0.5.1 mplleaflet 0.0.5
mpmath 1.1.0 msgpack 1.0.0 msgpack-numpy 0.4.7.1 multidict 5.0.0 multipledispatch 0.6.0 multiprocess 0.70.10 munch 2.5.0 murmurhash 1.0.2 mxnet 1.7.0.post1 mypy-extensions 0.4.3 nb-conda 2.2.1 nb-conda-kernels 2.2.3 nbclient 0.2.0 nbconvert 5.6.1 nbdime 2.0.0 nbformat 5.0.6 nbpresent 3.0.2 nervananeon 2.6.0 nest-asyncio 1.3.2 netCDF4 1.5.4 networkx 2.4 nibabel 3.2.0 nilearn 0.6.2 nltk 3.2.4 nnabla 1.12.0 nolearn 0.6.1 nose 1.3.7 notebook 5.5.0 notebook-executor 0.2 numba 0.48.0 numexpr 2.7.1 numpy 1.18.5 numpydoc 0.9.2 nvidia-ml-py3 7.352.0 oauth2client 4.1.3 oauthlib 3.0.1 odfpy 1.4.1 olefile 0.46 onnx 1.7.0 opencensus 0.7.11 opencensus-context 0.1.2 opencv-python 4.4.0.44 opencv-python-headless 4.4.0.44 openpyxl 3.0.3 openslide-python 1.1.1 opt-einsum 3.3.0 optuna 2.2.0 orderedmultidict 1.0.1 ortools 8.0.8283 osmnx 0.15.1 osqp 0.6.1 overrides 3.1.0 OWSLib 0.20.0 packaging 20.1 palettable 3.3.0 pandas 1.1.3 pandas-datareader 0.9.0 pandas-profiling 2.6.0 pandas-summary 0.0.7 pandasql 0.7.3 pandoc 1.0.2 pandocfilters 1.4.2 panel 0.10.1 papermill 2.1.0 param 1.10.0 parso 0.5.2 partd 1.1.0 path 13.1.0 path.py 12.5.0 pathlib2 2.3.5 pathos 0.2.6 pathspec 0.8.0 pathtools 0.1.2 patsy 0.5.1 pbr 5.5.1 pdf2image 1.14.0 PDPbox 0.2.0+13.g73c6966 pep8 1.7.1 pexpect 4.8.0 phik 0.9.11 pickleshare 0.7.5 Pillow 8.0.1 pip 20.2.4 pkginfo 1.5.0.1 plac 1.1.3 plotly 4.12.0 plotly-express 0.4.1 plotnine 0.7.1 pluggy 0.13.0 ply 3.11 polyglot 16.7.4 pooch 1.2.0 portalocker 2.0.0 posix-ipc 1.0.5 pox 0.2.8 poyo 0.5.0 ppca 0.0.4 ppft 1.6.6.2 preprocessing 0.1.13 preshed 3.0.2 prettytable 0.7.2 prometheus-client 0.7.1 promise 2.3 prompt-toolkit 3.0.5 pronouncing 0.2.0 protobuf 3.13.0 psutil 5.7.0 ptyprocess 0.6.0 pudb 2019.2 py 1.8.1 py-cpuinfo 7.0.0 py-lz4framed 0.14.0 py-spy 0.3.3 py-stringmatching 0.4.2 py-stringsimjoin 0.3.2 pyahocorasick 1.4.0 pyaml 20.4.0 PyArabic 0.6.10 pyarrow 0.16.0 pyasn1 0.4.8 pyasn1-modules 0.2.7 PyAstronomy 0.15.2 pybind11 2.6.0 PyBrain 0.3 pycairo 1.20.0 pycodestyle 2.5.0 pycosat 0.6.3 pycountry 20.7.3 pycparser 2.20 pycrypto 2.6.1 pyct 0.4.6 pycurl 7.43.0.5 pydash 4.9.0 pydegensac 0.1.2 pydicom 2.0.0 pydocstyle 5.0.2 pydot 1.4.1 pydub 0.24.1 pyemd 0.5.1 pyepsg 0.4.0 pyexcel-io 0.6.3 pyexcel-ods 0.6.0 pyfasttext 0.4.6 pyflakes 2.1.1 pyglet 1.5.0 Pygments 2.6.1 PyJWT 1.7.1 pykalman 0.9.5 pyLDAvis 2.1.2 pylint 2.4.4 pymc3 3.9.3 PyMeeus 0.3.7 pymongo 3.11.0 Pympler 0.9 pyocr 0.7.2 pyodbc 4.0.30 pyOpenSSL 19.1.0 pypandoc 1.5 pyparsing 2.4.7 pyPdf 1.13 pyperclip 1.8.1 PyPrind 2.11.2 pyproj 2.6.1.post1 PyQt5 5.12.3 PyQt5-sip 4.19.18 PyQtWebEngine 5.12.1 pyrsistent 0.16.0 pysal 2.1.0 pyshp 2.1.2 PySocks 1.7.1 pystan 2.19.1.1 pytagcloud 0.3.5 pytesseract 0.3.6 pytest 5.4.1 pytest-arraydiff 0.3 pytest-astropy 0.7.0 pytest-astropy-header 0.1.2 pytest-cov 2.10.1 pytest-doctestplus 0.4.0 pytest-mock 3.3.1 pytest-openfiles 0.4.0 pytest-remotedata 0.3.1 pytext-nlp 0.1.2 python-dateutil 2.8.1 python-editor 1.0.4 python-igraph 0.8.2 python-jsonrpc-server 0.3.4 python-language-server 0.31.10 python-Levenshtein 0.12.0 python-louvain 0.14 python-slugify 4.0.1 pytorch-ignite 0.4.2 pytorch-lightning 1.0.4 pytz 2019.3 PyUpSet 0.1.1.post7 pyviz-comms 0.7.6 PyWavelets 1.1.1 pyxdg 0.26 PyYAML 5.3.1 pyzmq 19.0.0 QDarkStyle 2.8.1 qgrid 1.3.1 QtAwesome 0.7.1 qtconsole 4.7.3 QtPy 1.9.0 randomgen 1.16.6 rasterio 1.1.8 ray 1.0.0 redis 3.4.1 regex 2020.4.4 requests 2.23.0 requests-oauthlib 1.2.0 resampy 0.2.2 retrying 1.3.3 rgf-python 3.9.0 rope 0.16.0 rsa 4.0 Rtree 0.9.4 ruamel-yaml 0.15.80 s2sphere 0.2.5 s3fs 0.5.1 s3transfer 0.3.3 sacred 0.8.1 sacremoses 0.0.43 scattertext 0.0.2.71 scikit-image 0.16.2 scikit-learn 0.23.2 scikit-multilearn 0.2.0 scikit-optimize 0.8.1 scikit-plot 0.3.7 scikit-surprise 1.1.1 scipy 1.4.1 scs 2.1.2 seaborn 0.10.0 SecretStorage 3.1.2 Send2Trash 1.5.0 sentencepiece 0.1.94 sentry-sdk 0.19.1 setuptools 46.1.3.post20200325 setuptools-git 1.2 shap 0.36.0 Shapely 1.7.1 shortuuid 1.0.1 simplegeneric 0.8.1 SimpleITK 2.0.1 simplejson 3.17.0 singledispatch 3.4.0.3 sip 4.19.20 six 1.14.0 sklearn 0.0 sklearn-contrib-py-earth 0.1.0+1.gdde5f89 sklearn-pandas 2.0.2 slicer 0.0.4 slugify 0.0.1 smart-open 3.0.0 smhasher 0.150.1 smmap 3.0.2 snowballstemmer 2.0.0 snuggs 1.4.7 sortedcollections 1.1.2 sortedcontainers 2.1.0 SoundFile 0.10.3.post1 soupsieve 1.9.4 spacy 2.3.2 spectral 0.22.1 Sphinx 3.0.2 sphinx-rtd-theme 0.2.4 sphinxcontrib-applehelp 1.0.2 sphinxcontrib-devhelp 1.0.2 sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp 1.0.3 sphinxcontrib-jsmath 1.0.1 sphinxcontrib-qthelp 1.0.3 sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml 1.1.4 sphinxcontrib-websupport 1.2.1 spyder 4.1.2 spyder-kernels 1.9.0 SQLAlchemy 1.3.16 sqlparse 0.3.1 squarify 0.4.3 srsly 1.0.2 statsmodels 0.11.1 stemming 1.0.1 stevedore 3.2.2 stop-words 2018.7.23 stopit 1.1.2 subprocess32 3.5.4 svgwrite 1.4 sympy 1.5.1 tables 3.6.1 tabulate 0.8.7 tangled-up-in-unicode 0.0.4 tblib 1.6.0 tenacity 6.1.0 tensorboard 2.3.0 tensorboard-plugin-wit 1.7.0 tensorboardX 2.1 tensorflow 2.3.1 tensorflow-addons 0.10.0 tensorflow-datasets 4.0.1 tensorflow-estimator 2.3.0 tensorflow-gcs-config 2.1.7 tensorflow-hub 0.10.0 tensorflow-metadata 0.24.0 tensorflow-probability 0.11.1 Tensorforce 0.5.5 tensorpack 0.10.1 termcolor 1.1.0 terminado 0.8.3 terminalplot 0.3.0 terminaltables 3.1.0 testpath 0.4.4 text-unidecode 1.3 textblob 0.15.3 texttable 1.6.3 textwrap3 0.9.2 Theano 1.0.5 thinc 7.4.1 threadpoolctl 2.1.0 tifffile 2020.10.1 tinycss2 1.1.0 tokenizers 0.9.2 toml 0.10.0 toolz 0.10.0 torch 1.6.0 torchaudio 0.6.0a0+f17ae39 torchtext 0.8.0a0+c851c3e torchvision 0.7.0 tornado 5.0.2 TPOT 0.11.6 tqdm 4.45.0 traitlets 4.3.3 traittypes 0.2.1 transformers 3.4.0 trueskill 0.4.5 tsfresh 0.17.0 typed-ast 1.4.1 typeguard 2.10.0 typing 3.7.4.3 typing-extensions 3.7.4.1 tzlocal 2.1 ujson 1.35 umap-learn 0.4.6 unicodecsv 0.14.1 Unidecode 1.1.1 update-checker 0.18.0 uritemplate 3.0.1 urllib3 1.25.9 urwid 2.1.2 uuid 1.30 vecstack 0.4.0 visions 0.4.1 vowpalwabbit 8.8.1 vtk 9.0.1 Wand 0.5.3 wandb 0.10.8 wasabi 0.8.0 watchdog 0.10.2 wavio 0.0.4 wcwidth 0.1.9 webencodings 0.5.1 websocket-client 0.57.0 Werkzeug 1.0.1 wfdb 3.1.1 wheel 0.34.2 whichcraft 0.6.1 widgetsnbextension 3.5.1 Wordbatch 1.4.6 wordcloud 1.8.0 wordsegment 1.3.1 wrapt 1.11.2 wurlitzer 2.0.0 xarray 0.16.1 xgboost 1.2.1 xlrd 1.2.0 XlsxWriter 1.2.8 xlwt 1.3.0 xvfbwrapper 0.2.9 yapf 0.29.0 yarl 1.6.2 yellowbrick 1.2 zict 2.0.0 zipp 3.1.0
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
import lightgbm as lgm
train = pd.read_csv("/kaggle/input/mobile-price-classification/train.csv")
test = pd.read_csv("/kaggle/input/mobile-price-classification/test.csv")

train['binary_price_range'] = 0
train.loc[(
    train['price_range'].isin([2,3]),
    "binary_price_range"
)] = 1

X = train[['battery_power', 'blue', 'clock_speed', 'dual_sim', 'fc', 'four_g',
       'int_memory', 'm_dep', 'mobile_wt', 'n_cores', 'pc', 'px_height',
       'px_width', 'ram', 'sc_h', 'sc_w', 'talk_time', 'three_g',
       'touch_screen', 'wifi',]]
y = train[["binary_price_range"]]

X_train = lgm.Dataset(X, y)

parameters = {
    "n_estimators": 3,
    "max_depth":3,
    "random_state": 43
}
basic_model = lgm.train(parameters,train_set = X_train)
X['PRED'] = basic_model.predict(X)
df_trees = basic_model.trees_to_dataframe()
[LightGBM] [Warning] Auto-choosing col-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.000664 seconds. You can set `force_col_wise=true` to remove the overhead. [LightGBM] [Info] Total Bins 1361 [LightGBM] [Info] Number of data points in the train set: 2000, number of used features: 20 [LightGBM] [Info] Start training from score 0.500000
/opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages/lightgbm/engine.py:151: UserWarning: Found `n_estimators` in params. Will use it instead of argument warnings.warn("Found `{}` in params. Will use it instead of argument".format(alias)) /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:25: SettingWithCopyWarning: A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame. Try using .loc[row_indexer,col_indexer] = value instead See the caveats in the documentation: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/indexing.html#returning-a-view-versus-a-copy
df_trees